To describe varicella cases in Tshuapa Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo identified during monkeypox surveillance.Demographic, clinical and epidemiological data were collected from each suspected monkeypox case 2009-2014. Samples were tested by PCR for both Orthopoxviruses and varicella-zoster virus (VZV); a subset of VZV-positive samples was genotyped. We defined a varicella case as a rash illness with laboratory-confirmed VZV.There were 366 varicella cases were identified; 66% were ≤19 years old. Most patients had non-typical varicella rash with lesions reported as the same size and stage of evolution (86%), deep and profound (91%), on palms of hands and/or soles of feet (86%) and not itchy (49%).
Many had non-typical signs and symptoms, such as lymphadenopathy (70%) and sensitivity to light (23%). A higher proportion of persons aged ≥20 years than persons aged ≤19 years had ≥50 lesions (79% vs. 65%, P = 0.007) and were bedridden (15% vs. 9%, P = 0.056). All VZV isolates genotyped from 79 varicella cases were clade 5. During the surveillance period, one possible VZV-related death occurred in a 7-year-old child. A large proportion of patients presented with non-typical varicella rash and clinical signs and symptoms, highlighting challenges identifying varicella in an area with endemic monkeypox. Continued surveillance and laboratory diagnosis will help in rapid identification and control of both monkeypox and varicella and improve our understanding of varicella epidemiology in Africa.
A Genome-Wide Haploid Genetic Screen Identifies Heparan Sulfate-Associated Genes and the Macropinocytosis Modulator TMED10 as Factors Supporting Vaccinia Virus Infection
Vaccinia virus is a promising viral vaccine and gene delivery candidate and has historically been used as a model to study poxvirus-host cell interactions. We employed a genome-wide insertional mutagenesis approach in human haploid cells to identify host factors crucial for vaccinia virus infection. A library of mutagenized HAP1 cells was exposed to modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA). Deep-sequencing analysis of virus-resistant cells identified host factors involved in heparan sulfate synthesis, Golgi organization, and vesicular protein trafficking. We validated EXT1, TM9SF2, and TMED10 (TMP21/p23/p24δ) as important host factors for vaccinia virus infection. The critical roles of EXT1 in heparan sulfate synthesis and vaccinia virus infection were confirmed. TM9SF2 was validated as a player mediating heparan sulfate expression, explaining its contribution to vaccinia virus infection. In addition, TMED10 was found to be crucial for virus-induced plasma membrane blebbing and phosphatidylserine-induced macropinocytosis, presumably by regulating the cell surface expression of the TAM receptor Axl.
IMPORTANCE Poxviruses are large DNA viruses that can infect a wide range of host species. A number of these viruses are clinically important to humans, including variola virus (smallpox) and vaccinia virus. Since the eradication of smallpox, zoonotic infections with monkeypox virus and cowpox virus are emerging. Additionally, poxviruses can be engineered to specifically target cancer cells and are used as a vaccine vector against tuberculosis, influenza, and coronaviruses. Poxviruses rely on host factors for most stages of their life cycle, including attachment to the cell and entry.
These host factors are crucial for virus infectivity and host cell tropism. We used a genome-wide knockout library of host cells to identify host factors necessary for vaccinia virus infection. We confirm a dominant role for heparin sulfate in mediating virus attachment. Additionally, we show that TMED10, previously not implicated in virus infections, facilitates virus uptake by modulating the cellular response to phosphatidylserine.
Human Monkeypox: Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Prevention
Recently, concern has been raised about the emergence of human monkeypox virus and the occasionally severe clinical presentation bearing resemblance to that of smallpox. In 2018 3 patients in the UK were diagnosed with monkeypox, and the frequency and geographic distribution of cases across West and Central Africa have increased in recent years. In Nigeria, most monkeypox patients are aged <40 years and lack cross-protective immunity because they were born after discontinuation of the smallpox eradication campaign. This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical features, and management of monkeypox and discusses its growing public health threat in this context.
Identification of CP77 as the Third Orthopoxvirus SAMD9 and SAMD9L Inhibitor with Unique Specificity for a Rodent SAMD9L.
Orthopoxviruses (OPXVs) have a broad host range in mammalian cells, but Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are nonpermissive for vaccinia virus (VACV). Here, we revealed a species-specific difference in host restriction factor SAMD9L as the cause for the restriction and identified orthopoxvirus CP77 as a unique inhibitor capable of antagonizing Chinese hamster SAMD9L (chSAMD9L). Two known VACV inhibitors of SAMD9 and SAMD9L (SAMD9&L), K1 and C7, can bind human and mouse SAMD9&L, but neither can bind chSAMD9L. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 knockout of chSAMD9L from CHO cells removed the restriction for VACV, while ectopic expression of chSAMD9L imposed the restriction for VACV in a human cell line, demonstrating that chSAMD9L is a potent restriction factor for VACV.
In contrast to K1 and C7, cowpox virus CP77 can bind chSAMD9L and rescue VACV replication in cells expressing chSAMD9L, indicating that CP77 is yet another SAMD9L inhibitor but has a unique specificity for chSAMD9L. Binding studies showed that the N-terminal 382 amino acids of CP77 were sufficient for binding chSAMD9L and that both K1 and CP77 target a common internal region of SAMD9L. Growth studies with nearly all OPXV species showed that the ability of OPXVs to antagonize chSAMD9L correlates with CP77 gene status and that a functional CP77 ortholog was maintained in many OPXVs, including monkeypox virus. Our data suggest that a species-specific difference in rodent SAMD9L poses a barrier for cross-species OPXV infection and that OPXVs have evolved three SAMD9&L inhibitors with different specificities to overcome this barrier.
MonkeyPox Virus (MPV) ELISA Kit |
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| SL0026Mk | Sunlong | - |
MonkeyPox Virus (MPV) ELISA Kit |
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| YX-SL0036Mk | Sunlong | - |
Monkeypox Virus (MPXV) E8L ELISA Kit |
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| RK04609 | Abclonal | 96T |
Monkeypox B5R |
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| mpv-002 | ProSpec Tany | 100µg |
Monkeypox A33R |
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| mpv-001 | ProSpec Tany | 100µg |
Monkeypox virus |
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| Oneq-VH747-OneqVH747100D | Bioingentech | Oneq-VH747-100D |
Monkeypox virus |
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| Oneq-VH747-OneqVH747150D | Bioingentech | Oneq-VH747-150D |
Monkeypox virus |
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| Oneq-VH747-OneqVH74750D | Bioingentech | Oneq-VH747-50D |
Monkeypox Virus, 20 tests/kit |
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| U202028-20 | USTAR Biotechnologies (Hangzhou) | test |
Monkeypox Virus Real Time PCR Kit |
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| PDPS-AR064 | Creative Biogene | 1 unit |
Monkeypox Virus Real Time PCR Kit |
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| ZD-0076-01 | Gentaur Genprice | 25 tests/kit |
Monkeypox Virus Real Time PCR Kit |
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| ZD-0076-02 | Gentaur Genprice | 25 tests/kit |
Monkeypox Virus Real Time PCR Kit |
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| YJC70115NW-25T | Jiangsu Bioperfectus Technologies | 25 tests/kit |
PCR detection kit for Monkeypox Virus |
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| DA1430 | Daan Gene | 24 test/kit |
Monkeypox Virus Detection Kit (RT-PCR) |
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| SYNT-RTPCR-24 | Nanjing Synthgene Medical Technology | 24 test/kit |
Recombinant Monkeypox Virus antigen |
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| E41H094 | EnoGene | 100ug |
Recombinant Monkeypox Virus antigen |
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| E41H095 | EnoGene | 100ug |
Mouse Anti Monkeypox Virus E8L Monoclonal Clone SAA0285 |
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| IMSAMPXVE8LSAA0285C100UG | Innovative research | each |
Mouse Anti Monkeypox Virus E8L Monoclonal Clone SAA0285 |
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| IMSAMPXVE8LSAA0285C1MG | Innovative research | each |
Mouse Anti Monkeypox Virus H3L Monoclonal Clone SAA0282 |
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| IMSAMPXVH3LSAA0282C100UG | Innovative research | each |
Mouse Anti Monkeypox Virus H3L Monoclonal Clone SAA0282 |
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| IMSAMPXVH3LSAA0282C1MG | Innovative research | each |
Mouse Anti Monkeypox Virus M1R Monoclonal Clone SAA0283 |
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| IMSAMPXVM1RSAA0283C100UG | Innovative research | each |
Mouse Anti Monkeypox Virus M1R Monoclonal Clone SAA0283 |
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| IMSAMPXVM1RSAA0283C1MG | Innovative research | each |
Mouse Anti Monkeypox Virus M1R Monoclonal Clone SAA0284 |
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| IMSAMPXVM1RSAA0284C100UG | Innovative research | each |
Mouse Anti Monkeypox Virus M1R Monoclonal Clone SAA0284 |
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| IMSAMPXVM1RSAA0284C1MG | Innovative research | each |
Mouse Anti Monkeypox Virus A29L Monoclonal Clone SAA0286 |
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| IMSAMPXVA29LSAA0286C100UG | Innovative research | each |
Mouse Anti Monkeypox Virus A29L Monoclonal Clone SAA0286 |
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| IMSAMPXVA29LSAA0286C1MG | Innovative research | each |
Mouse Anti Monkeypox Virus A35R Monoclonal Clone SAA0287 |
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| IMSAMPXVA35RSAA0287C100UG | Innovative research | each |
Mouse Anti Monkeypox Virus A35R Monoclonal Clone SAA0287 |
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| IMSAMPXVA35RSAA0287C1MG | Innovative research | each |
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) E8L Rabbit mAb |
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| A23087 | Abclonal | 500μL |
Monkeypox Virus E8L (MPXV_USA_2022_MA001), mFc Tag |
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| E24PVA019 | EnoGene | 50 μg |
Recombinant Monkeypox virus A29 Protein |
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| RP01543 | Abclonal | 100μg |
Recombinant Monkeypox virus L1R Protein |
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| RP01544 | Abclonal | 500μg |
Recombinant Monkeypox virus A29 Protein |
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| RP01546 | Abclonal | 50μg |
Recombinant Monkeypox virus D6L Protein |
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| RP01606 | Abclonal | 50μg |
Dynamiker Monkeypox Virus Ag Rapid Test |
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| DNK-2114-1 | Dynamiker Biotechnology | 20 tests |
Recombinant Monkeypox virus A30L Protein |
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| RP01593 | Abclonal | 20μg |
Recombinant Monkeypox virus B16R Protein |
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| RP01594 | Abclonal | 50μg |
Monkeypox-C19L-protein(C-His-tag) |
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| EGPS018D-50 | EnoGene | Monkeypox |
Recombivirus Monkey Anti-monkeypox IgG ELISA kit, 96 tests, Quantitative |
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| AE-311150-1 | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 kit |
Rabbit Anti Monkeypox Virus A30L Polyclonal Antigen Affinity Purified |
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| IRBAMPXVA30LAAP100UG | Innovative research | each |
Rabbit Anti Monkeypox Virus B6R Polyclonal Antigen Affinity Purified |
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| IRBAMPXVB6RAAP100UG | Innovative research | each |
Monkeypox Virus L1R (strain Zaire-96-I-16), His Tag |
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| E24PVA017 | EnoGene | 50 μg |
Monkeypox Virus I1L (strain Zaire-96-I-16), His Tag |
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| E24PVA018 | EnoGene | 50 μg |
Monkeypox Virus B6R (strain Zaire-96-I-16), His Tag |
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| E24PVA020 | EnoGene | 50 μg |
Monkeypox Virus B6R (strain Zaire-96-I-16), mFc Tag |
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| E24PVA021 | EnoGene | 50 μg |
Monkeypox Virus L1R (strain Zaire-96-I-16), mFc Tag |
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| E24PVA025 | EnoGene | 50 μg |
Monkeypox Virus I1L (strain Zaire-96-I-16), mFc Tag |
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| E24PVA026 | EnoGene | 50 μg |
Monkeypox Virus A29L (strain Zaire-96-I-16), His Tag |
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| E24PVA016 | EnoGene | 50 μg |
Monkeypox Virus A35R (strain Zaire-96-I-16), mFc Tag |
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| E24PVA022 | EnoGene | 50 μg |
Monkeypox Virus B21R (strain Zaire-96-I-16), His Tag |
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| E24PVA023 | EnoGene | 50 μg |
Monkeypox Virus A33R (strain Zaire-96-I-16), His Tag |
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| E24PVA027 | EnoGene | 50 μg |
Monkeypox Virus A33R (strain Zaire-96-I-16), mFc Tag |
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| E24PVA028 | EnoGene | 50 μg |
Monkey Anti-Paragonimus IgG ELISA kit |
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| E09A2101-192T | BlueGene | 192 tests |
Monkey Anti-Paragonimus IgG ELISA kit |
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| E09A2101-48 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 48 wells |
Monkey Anti-Paragonimus IgG ELISA kit |
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| E09A2101-96 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 96 wells |
Monkey anti gliadin antibody (IgG) ELISA kit |
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| E09A2073-192T | BlueGene | 192 tests |
Monkey anti gliadin antibody (IgG) ELISA kit |
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| E09A2073-48 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 48 wells |
Monkey anti gliadin antibody (IgG) ELISA kit |
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| E09A2073-96 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 96 wells |
Monkey IgG ELISA kit |
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| 55R-2248 | Fitzgerald | 96 tests |
Monkeypox virus (strain Zaire-96-I-16) E8L Protein, His Tag |
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| E8L-M52H3 | ACROBIOSYSTEMS | 50ug |
Monkey anti cardiolipin antibody IgG,ACA IgG ELISA kit |
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| E09A2051-192T | BlueGene | 192 tests |
Monkey anti cardiolipin antibody IgG,ACA IgG ELISA kit |
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| E09A2051-48 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 48 wells |
Monkey anti cardiolipin antibody IgG,ACA IgG ELISA kit |
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| E09A2051-96 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 96 wells |
Monkey Anti myocardial antibody IgG ELISA kit |
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| E09A0560-192T | BlueGene | 192 tests |
Monkey Anti myocardial antibody IgG ELISA kit |
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| E09A0560-48 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 48 wells |
Monkey Anti myocardial antibody IgG ELISA kit |
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| E09A0560-96 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 96 wells |
Monkey Anti nucleosome antibody IgG ELISA kit |
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| E09A0829-192T | BlueGene | 192 tests |
Monkey Anti nucleosome antibody IgG ELISA kit |
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| E09A0829-48 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 48 wells |
Monkey Anti nucleosome antibody IgG ELISA kit |
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| E09A0829-96 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 96 wells |
Monkeypox virus (strain Zaire-96-I-16) A29L Protein, His Tag |
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| A2L-M52H3 | ACROBIOSYSTEMS | 100ug |
Monkeypox virus (strain Zaire-96-I-16) A35R Protein, His Tag |
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| A3R-M52H3 | ACROBIOSYSTEMS | 100ug |
Monkey anti-dsDNA IgG-specific(dsDNA IgG)ELISA Kit |
||
| NSL0002Mk | Sunlong | 96wells |
Monkeypox Virus B2R Recombinant Protein N-His Tag Lyophilized |
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| IMPXVB2RRNHISLY100UG | Innovative research | each |
Monkeypox Virus B2R Recombinant Protein N-His Tag Lyophilized |
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| IMPXVB2RRNHISLY1MG | Innovative research | each |
Monkeypox Virus A35R Recombinant Protein C-His Tag Lyophilized |
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| IMPXVA35RRCHISLY100UG | Innovative research | each |
Monkeypox Virus A35R Recombinant Protein C-His Tag Lyophilized |
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| IMPXVA35RRCHISLY1MG | Innovative research | each |
Monkeypox Virus C18L Recombinant Protein N-His Tag Lyophilized |
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| IMPXVC18LRNHISLY100UG | Innovative research | each |
Monkeypox Virus C18L Recombinant Protein N-His Tag Lyophilized |
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| IMPXVC18LRNHISLY1MG | Innovative research | each |
Monkeypox Virus C19L Recombinant Protein N-His Tag Lyophilized |
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| IMPXVC19LRNHISLY100UG | Innovative research | each |
Monkeypox Virus C19L Recombinant Protein N-His Tag Lyophilized |
||
| IMPXVC19LRNHISLY1MG | Innovative research | each |
Monkey anti Inhibin B antibody (IgG) ELISA kit |
||
| E09A2085-192T | BlueGene | 192 tests |
Monkey anti Inhibin B antibody (IgG) ELISA kit |
||
| E09A2085-48 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 48 wells |
Monkey anti Inhibin B antibody (IgG) ELISA kit |
||
| E09A2085-96 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 96 wells |
Monkey Anti-Tetanus Toxin IgG(TT-IgG) ELISA Kit |
||
| SL0018Mk | Sunlong | - |
Monkey β Anti galactan proteins IgG ELISA kit |
||
| E09A0011-192T | BlueGene | 192 tests |
Monkey β Anti galactan proteins IgG ELISA kit |
||
| E09A0011-48 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 48 wells |
Monkey β Anti galactan proteins IgG ELISA kit |
||
| E09A0011-96 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 96 wells |
Monkey Anti proteinase 3 antibody IgG ELISA kit |
||
| E09P0710-192T | BlueGene | 192 tests |
Monkey Anti proteinase 3 antibody IgG ELISA kit |
||
| E09P0710-48 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 48 wells |
Monkey Anti proteinase 3 antibody IgG ELISA kit |
||
| E09P0710-96 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 96 wells |
Monkey Anti tissue transglutaminase IgG,IgG tTG ELISA kit |
||
| E09A2131-192T | BlueGene | 192 tests |
Monkey Anti tissue transglutaminase IgG,IgG tTG ELISA kit |
||
| E09A2131-48 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 48 wells |
Monkey Anti tissue transglutaminase IgG,IgG tTG ELISA kit |
||
| E09A2131-96 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 96 wells |
Recombinant Monkeypox virus Envelope protein A28 homolog(A30L),partial |
||
| CSB-BP848659MHV | Cusabio | 20μg |
Recombinant Monkeypox virus Envelope protein A28 homolog(A30L),partial |
||
| CSB-EP848659MHV-B | Cusabio | 20μg |
Recombinant Monkeypox virus Envelope protein A28 homolog(A30L),partial |
||
| CSB-MP848659MHV | Cusabio | 20μg |
Monkey anti Endomysial antibody (EMA)(IgG) ELISA kit |
||
| E09A1848-192T | BlueGene | 192 tests |
Monkey anti Endomysial antibody (EMA)(IgG) ELISA kit |
||
| E09A1848-48 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 48 wells |
Monkey anti Endomysial antibody (EMA)(IgG) ELISA kit |
||
| E09A1848-96 | BlueGene | 1 plate of 96 wells |
×
IMPORTANCE Several OPXV species, including monkeypox virus and cowpox virus, cause zoonotic infection in humans. They are believed to use wild rodents as the reservoir or intermediate hosts, but the host or viral factors that are important for OPXV host range in rodents are unknown. Here, we showed that the abortive replication of several OPXV species in a Chinese hamster cell line was caused by a species-specific difference in the host antiviral factor SAMD9L, suggesting that SAMD9L divergence in different rodent species poses a barrier for cross-species OPXV infection. While the Chinese hamster SAMD9L could not be inhibited by two previously identified OPXV inhibitors of human and mouse SAMD9&L, it can be inhibited by cowpox virus CP77, indicating that OPXVs encode three SAMD9&L inhibitors with different specificities. Our data suggest that OPXV host range in broad rodent species depends on three SAMD9&L inhibitors with different specificities.